fix: lazy session creation — defer DB row until first message

Prevents ghost sessions from accumulating in state.db when the TUI/web
dashboard is opened and closed without sending a message.

Changes:
- run_agent.py: Add _ensure_db_session() gate method, called at
  run_conversation() entry. Remove eager create_session() from __init__.
  Handle compression rotation flag correctly.
- tui_gateway/server.py: Remove eager db.create_session() in
  _start_agent_build(). Add post-first-message pending_title re-apply.
- hermes_state.py: Extract _insert_session_row() shared helper (DRY).
  Add prune_empty_ghost_sessions() for one-time migration.
- cli.py: One-time ghost session prune on startup. Fix _pending_title
  to call _ensure_db_session() before set_session_title().
- hermes_cli/main.py: Guard TUI exit summary on message_count > 0.
- tests: Update test_860_dedup to call _ensure_db_session() before
  direct _flush_messages_to_session_db() calls.

Closes: ghost session clutter in hermes sessions list and web dashboard.

cli.py

@@ -934,6 +934,20 @@ def _run_state_db_auto_maintenance(session_db) -> None:
     try:
         from hermes_cli.config import load_config as _load_full_config
         from hermes_constants import get_hermes_home as _get_hermes_home
+        _hermes_home_maint = _get_hermes_home()
+
+        # One-time prune of empty TUI ghost sessions.
+        try:
+            if not session_db.get_meta("ghost_session_prune_v1"):
+                pruned = session_db.prune_empty_ghost_sessions(
+                    sessions_dir=_hermes_home_maint / "sessions"
+                )
+                session_db.set_meta("ghost_session_prune_v1", "1")
+                if pruned:
+                    logger.info("Pruned %d empty TUI ghost sessions", pruned)
+        except Exception as _prune_exc:
+            logger.debug("Ghost session prune skipped: %s", _prune_exc)
+
         cfg = (_load_full_config().get("sessions") or {})
         if not cfg.get("auto_prune", False):
             return
@@ -941,7 +955,7 @@ def _run_state_db_auto_maintenance(session_db) -> None:
             retention_days=int(cfg.get("retention_days", 90)),
             min_interval_hours=int(cfg.get("min_interval_hours", 24)),
             vacuum=bool(cfg.get("vacuum_after_prune", True)),
-            sessions_dir=_get_hermes_home() / "sessions",
+            sessions_dir=_hermes_home_maint / "sessions",
         )
     except Exception as exc:
         logger.debug("state.db auto-maintenance skipped: %s", exc)
@@ -3618,14 +3632,18 @@ class HermesCLI:
                 tuple(runtime.get("args") or ()),
             )
 
-            if self._pending_title and self._session_db:
+            # Force-create DB row on /title intent, then apply title.
+            if self._pending_title and self._session_db and self.agent:
                 try:
-                    self._session_db.set_session_title(self.session_id, self._pending_title)
-                    _cprint(f"  Session title applied: {self._pending_title}")
-                    self._pending_title = None
+                    self.agent._ensure_db_session()
+                    if self.agent._session_db_created:
+                        self._session_db.set_session_title(self.session_id, self._pending_title)
+                        _cprint(f"  Session title applied: {self._pending_title}")
+                        self._pending_title = None
+                    # else: row creation failed transiently — keep _pending_title for retry
                 except (ValueError, Exception) as e:
                     _cprint(f"  Could not apply pending title: {e}")
-                    self._pending_title = None
+                    # Keep _pending_title so it can be retried after row creation succeeds
             return True
         except Exception as e:
             ChatConsole().print(f"[bold red]Failed to initialize agent: {e}[/]")
@@ -4953,6 +4971,7 @@ class HermesCLI:
 
             if self._session_db:
                 try:
+                    self.agent._session_db_created = False
                     self._session_db.create_session(
                         session_id=self.session_id,
                         source=os.environ.get("HERMES_SESSION_SOURCE", "cli"),
@@ -4962,6 +4981,7 @@ class HermesCLI:
                             "reasoning_config": self.reasoning_config,
                         },
                     )
+                    self.agent._session_db_created = True
                 except Exception:
                     pass
             # Notify memory providers that session_id rotated to a fresh

hermes_cli/main.py

@@ -800,6 +800,8 @@ def _print_tui_exit_summary(session_id: Optional[str], active_session_file: Opti
 
         title = db.get_session_title(target)
         message_count = int(session.get("message_count") or 0)
+        if message_count == 0:
+            return  # No real conversation — don't show resume info
         input_tokens = int(session.get("input_tokens") or 0)
         output_tokens = int(session.get("output_tokens") or 0)
         cache_read_tokens = int(session.get("cache_read_tokens") or 0)

hermes_state.py

@@ -514,7 +514,7 @@ class SessionDB:
     # Session lifecycle
     # =========================================================================
 
-    def create_session(
+    def _insert_session_row(
         self,
         session_id: str,
         source: str,
@@ -523,8 +523,8 @@ class SessionDB:
         system_prompt: str = None,
         user_id: str = None,
         parent_session_id: str = None,
-    ) -> str:
-        """Create a new session record. Returns the session_id."""
+    ) -> None:
+        """Shared INSERT OR IGNORE for session rows."""
         def _do(conn):
             conn.execute(
                 """INSERT OR IGNORE INTO sessions (id, source, user_id, model, model_config,
@@ -542,8 +542,11 @@ class SessionDB:
                 ),
             )
         self._execute_write(_do)
-        return session_id
 
+    def create_session(self, session_id: str, source: str, **kwargs) -> str:
+        """Create a new session record. Returns the session_id."""
+        self._insert_session_row(session_id, source, **kwargs)
+        return session_id
     def end_session(self, session_id: str, end_reason: str) -> None:
         """Mark a session as ended.
 
@@ -679,21 +682,41 @@ class SessionDB:
         session_id: str,
         source: str = "unknown",
         model: str = None,
-    ) -> None:
-        """Ensure a session row exists, creating it with minimal metadata if absent.
+        **kwargs,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Ensure a session row exists (INSERT OR IGNORE). Accepts optional kwargs."""
+        self._insert_session_row(session_id, source, model=model, **kwargs)
+        return session_id
+
+    def prune_empty_ghost_sessions(self, sessions_dir: "Optional[Path]" = None) -> int:
+        """Remove closed empty TUI ghost sessions (no messages, no title, >24hr old)."""
+        cutoff = time.time() - 86400  # Only sessions older than 24 hours
 
-        Used by _flush_messages_to_session_db to recover from a failed
-        create_session() call (e.g. transient SQLite lock at agent startup).
-        INSERT OR IGNORE is safe to call even when the row already exists.
-        """
         def _do(conn):
-            conn.execute(
-                """INSERT OR IGNORE INTO sessions
-                   (id, source, model, started_at)
-                   VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)""",
-                (session_id, source, model, time.time()),
-            )
-        self._execute_write(_do)
+            rows = conn.execute("""
+                SELECT id FROM sessions
+                WHERE source = 'tui'
+                  AND title IS NULL
+                  AND ended_at IS NOT NULL
+                  AND started_at < ?
+                  AND NOT EXISTS (
+                      SELECT 1 FROM messages WHERE messages.session_id = sessions.id
+                  )
+            """, (cutoff,)).fetchall()
+            ids = [r[0] if isinstance(r, (tuple, list)) else r["id"] for r in rows]
+            if ids:
+                placeholders = ",".join("?" * len(ids))
+                conn.execute(
+                    f"DELETE FROM sessions WHERE id IN ({placeholders})", ids
+                )
+            return ids
+
+        removed_ids = self._execute_write(_do) or []
+        # Clean up any on-disk session files (belt-and-suspenders)
+        if sessions_dir and removed_ids:
+            for sid in removed_ids:
+                self._remove_session_files(sessions_dir, sid)
+        return len(removed_ids)
 
     def get_session(self, session_id: str) -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
         """Get a session by ID."""
@@ -2222,4 +2245,3 @@ class SessionDB:
             result["error"] = str(exc)
 
         return result
-

run_agent.py

@@ -1632,30 +1632,12 @@ class AIAgent:
         self._session_db = session_db
         self._parent_session_id = parent_session_id
         self._last_flushed_db_idx = 0  # tracks DB-write cursor to prevent duplicate writes
-        if self._session_db:
-            try:
-                self._session_db.create_session(
-                    session_id=self.session_id,
-                    source=self.platform or os.environ.get("HERMES_SESSION_SOURCE", "cli"),
-                    model=self.model,
-                    model_config={
-                        "max_iterations": self.max_iterations,
-                        "reasoning_config": reasoning_config,
-                        "max_tokens": max_tokens,
-                    },
-                    user_id=None,
-                    parent_session_id=self._parent_session_id,
-                )
-            except Exception as e:
-                # Transient SQLite lock contention (e.g. CLI and gateway writing
-                # concurrently) must NOT permanently disable session_search for
-                # this agent.  Keep _session_db alive — subsequent message
-                # flushes and session_search calls will still work once the
-                # lock clears.  The session row may be missing from the index
-                # for this run, but that is recoverable (flushes upsert rows).
-                logger.warning(
-                    "Session DB create_session failed (session_search still available): %s", e
-                )
+        self._session_db_created = False  # DB row deferred to run_conversation()
+        self._session_init_model_config = {
+            "max_iterations": self.max_iterations,
+            "reasoning_config": reasoning_config,
+            "max_tokens": max_tokens,
+        }
         
         # In-memory todo list for task planning (one per agent/session)
         from tools.todo_tool import TodoStore
@@ -2170,6 +2152,28 @@ class AIAgent:
                 "is_anthropic_oauth": self._is_anthropic_oauth,
             })
 
+    def _ensure_db_session(self) -> None:
+        """Create session DB row on first use. Disables _session_db on failure."""
+        if self._session_db_created or not self._session_db:
+            return
+        try:
+            self._session_db.create_session(
+                session_id=self.session_id,
+                source=self.platform or os.environ.get("HERMES_SESSION_SOURCE", "cli"),
+                model=self.model,
+                model_config=self._session_init_model_config,
+                system_prompt=self._cached_system_prompt,
+                user_id=None,
+                parent_session_id=self._parent_session_id,
+            )
+            self._session_db_created = True
+        except Exception as e:
+            # Transient failure (e.g. SQLite lock). Keep _session_db alive —
+            # _session_db_created stays False so next run_conversation() retries.
+            logger.warning(
+                "Session DB creation failed (will retry next turn): %s", e
+            )
+
     def reset_session_state(self):
         """Reset all session-scoped token counters to 0 for a fresh session.
         
@@ -3719,14 +3723,9 @@ class AIAgent:
             return
         self._apply_persist_user_message_override(messages)
         try:
-            # If create_session() failed at startup (e.g. transient lock), the
-            # session row may not exist yet.  ensure_session() uses INSERT OR
-            # IGNORE so it is a no-op when the row is already there.
-            self._session_db.ensure_session(
-                self.session_id,
-                source=self.platform or "cli",
-                model=self.model,
-            )
+            # Retry row creation if the earlier attempt failed transiently.
+            if not self._session_db_created:
+                self._ensure_db_session()
             start_idx = len(conversation_history) if conversation_history else 0
             flush_from = max(start_idx, self._last_flushed_db_idx)
             for msg in messages[flush_from:]:
@@ -9056,12 +9055,15 @@ class AIAgent:
                 self.session_id = f"{datetime.now().strftime('%Y%m%d_%H%M%S')}_{uuid.uuid4().hex[:6]}"
                 # Update session_log_file to point to the new session's JSON file
                 self.session_log_file = self.logs_dir / f"session_{self.session_id}.json"
+                self._session_db_created = False
                 self._session_db.create_session(
                     session_id=self.session_id,
                     source=self.platform or os.environ.get("HERMES_SESSION_SOURCE", "cli"),
                     model=self.model,
+                    model_config=self._session_init_model_config,
                     parent_session_id=old_session_id,
                 )
+                self._session_db_created = True
                 # Auto-number the title for the continuation session
                 if old_title:
                     try:
@@ -10351,6 +10353,8 @@ class AIAgent:
         # Installed once, transparent when streams are healthy, prevents crash on write.
         _install_safe_stdio()
 
+        self._ensure_db_session()
+
         # Tag all log records on this thread with the session ID so
         # ``hermes logs --session <id>`` can filter a single conversation.
         from hermes_logging import set_session_context

tests/run_agent/test_860_dedup.py

@@ -38,6 +38,8 @@ class TestFlushDeduplication:
                 skip_context_files=True,
                 skip_memory=True,
             )
+        # Simulate lazy session creation (normally done by run_conversation)
+        agent._ensure_db_session()
         return agent
 
     def test_flush_writes_only_new_messages(self):

tests/test_hermes_state.py

@@ -2479,6 +2479,39 @@ class TestAutoMaintenance:
         assert (sessions_dir / "active.jsonl").exists()
 
 
+class TestEmptyGhostSessionPrune:
+    def _make_old_tui_session(self, db, session_id, ended=False):
+        db.create_session(session_id=session_id, source="tui")
+        old_started_at = time.time() - 90000
+        db._execute_write(
+            lambda conn: conn.execute(
+                "UPDATE sessions SET started_at = ? WHERE id = ?",
+                (old_started_at, session_id),
+            )
+        )
+        if ended:
+            db.end_session(session_id, "tui_close")
+
+    def test_prunes_only_closed_empty_tui_sessions(self, db):
+        self._make_old_tui_session(db, "closed-empty", ended=True)
+        self._make_old_tui_session(db, "live-empty", ended=False)
+
+        assert db.prune_empty_ghost_sessions() == 1
+        assert db.get_session("closed-empty") is None
+        assert db.get_session("live-empty") is not None
+
+    def test_prune_empty_ghost_sessions_keeps_nonempty_closed_session(self, db):
+        self._make_old_tui_session(db, "closed-with-message", ended=True)
+        db.append_message(
+            session_id="closed-with-message",
+            role="user",
+            content="hello",
+        )
+
+        assert db.prune_empty_ghost_sessions() == 0
+        assert db.get_session("closed-with-message") is not None
+
+
 # =========================================================================
 # FTS5 indexing of tool_calls / tool_name (#16751)
 # =========================================================================
@@ -2672,4 +2705,3 @@ class TestFTS5ToolCallMigration:
             assert version == 11
         finally:
             session_db.close()
-

tui_gateway/server.py

@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ def _notify_session_boundary(event_type: str, session_id: str | None) -> None:
         pass
 
 
-def _finalize_session(session: dict | None) -> None:
+def _finalize_session(session: dict | None, end_reason: str = "tui_close") -> None:
     """Best-effort finalize hook + memory commit for a session."""
     if not session or session.get("_finalized"):
         return
@@ -299,13 +299,24 @@ def _finalize_session(session: dict | None) -> None:
         except Exception:
             pass
 
-    session_id = getattr(agent, "session_id", None) or session.get("session_key")
+    session_key = session.get("session_key")
+    session_id = getattr(agent, "session_id", None) or session_key
     _notify_session_boundary("on_session_finalize", session_id)
 
+    # Mark session ended in DB so it doesn't linger as a ghost row in /resume.
+    # Adapted from #18283 (luyao618) and #18299 (Bartok9).
+    if session_key:
+        try:
+            db = _get_db()
+            if db is not None:
+                db.end_session(session_key, end_reason)
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
 
 def _shutdown_sessions() -> None:
     for session in list(_sessions.values()):
-        _finalize_session(session)
+        _finalize_session(session, end_reason="tui_shutdown")
         try:
             worker = session.get("slash_worker")
             if worker:
@@ -539,32 +550,8 @@ def _start_agent_build(sid: str, session: dict) -> None:
             finally:
                 _clear_session_context(tokens)
 
-            db = _get_db()
-            if db is not None:
-                db.create_session(key, source="tui", model=_resolve_model())
-                pending_title = (current.get("pending_title") or "").strip()
-                if pending_title:
-                    try:
-                        title_applied = db.set_session_title(key, pending_title)
-                        if title_applied:
-                            current["pending_title"] = None
-                        else:
-                            existing_row = db.get_session(key)
-                            existing_title = ((existing_row or {}).get("title") or "").strip()
-                            if existing_title == pending_title:
-                                current["pending_title"] = None
-                            else:
-                                logger.info(
-                                    "Pending title still queued for session %s (wanted=%r, current=%r)",
-                                    sid,
-                                    pending_title,
-                                    existing_title,
-                                )
-                    except ValueError as e:
-                        current["pending_title"] = None
-                        logger.info("Dropping pending title for session %s: %s", sid, e)
-                    except Exception:
-                        logger.warning("Failed to apply pending title for session %s", sid, exc_info=True)
+            # Session DB row deferred to first run_conversation() call.
+            # pending_title applied post-first-message (see cli.exec handler).
             current["agent"] = agent
 
             try:
@@ -2996,6 +2983,17 @@ def _run_prompt_submit(rid, sid: str, session: dict, text: Any) -> None:
                 payload["rendered"] = rendered
             _emit("message.complete", sid, payload)
 
+            # Apply pending_title now that the DB row exists.
+            _pending = session.get("pending_title")
+            if _pending and status == "complete":
+                _pdb = _get_db()
+                if _pdb:
+                    try:
+                        if _pdb.set_session_title(session.get("session_key") or sid, _pending):
+                            session["pending_title"] = None
+                    except Exception:
+                        pass  # Best effort — auto-title will handle it below
+
             if (
                 status == "complete"
                 and isinstance(raw, str)

uv.lock

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ resolution-markers = [
 ]
 
 [options]
-exclude-newer = "2026-04-17T16:49:45.944715922Z"
+exclude-newer = "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z" # This has no effect and is included for backwards compatibility when using relative exclude-newer values.
 exclude-newer-span = "P7D"
 
 [[package]]
@@ -156,6 +156,19 @@ wheels = [
     { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/1a/99/84ba7273339d0f3dfa57901b846489d2e5c2cd731470167757f1935fffbd/aiohttp_retry-2.9.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:66d2759d1921838256a05a3f80ad7e724936f083e35be5abb5e16eed6be6dc54", size = 9981, upload-time = "2024-11-06T10:44:52.917Z" },
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "aiohttp-socks"
+version = "0.11.0"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+dependencies = [
+    { name = "aiohttp" },
+    { name = "python-socks" },
+]
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/1f/cc/e5bbd54f76bd56291522251e47267b645dac76327b2657ade9545e30522c/aiohttp_socks-0.11.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:0afe51638527c79077e4bd6e57052c87c4824233d6e20bb061c53766421b10f0", size = 11196, upload-time = "2025-12-09T13:35:52.564Z" }
+wheels = [
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/bf/7d/4b633d709b8901d59444d2e512b93e72fe62d2b492a040097c3f7ba017bb/aiohttp_socks-0.11.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:9aacce57c931b8fbf8f6d333cf3cafe4c35b971b35430309e167a35a8aab9ec1", size = 10556, upload-time = "2025-12-09T13:35:50.18Z" },
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "aiosignal"
 version = "1.4.0"
@@ -1759,6 +1772,77 @@ wheels = [
     { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/6a/09/e21df6aef1e1ffc0c816f0522ddc3f6dcded766c3261813131c78a704470/gitpython-3.1.46-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:79812ed143d9d25b6d176a10bb511de0f9c67b1fa641d82097b0ab90398a2058", size = 208620, upload-time = "2026-01-01T15:37:30.574Z" },
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "google-api-core"
+version = "2.30.3"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+dependencies = [
+    { name = "google-auth" },
+    { name = "googleapis-common-protos" },
+    { name = "proto-plus" },
+    { name = "protobuf" },
+    { name = "requests" },
+]
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/16/ce/502a57fb0ec752026d24df1280b162294b22a0afb98a326084f9a979138b/google_api_core-2.30.3.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:e601a37f148585319b26db36e219df68c5d07b6382cff2d580e83404e44d641b", size = 177001, upload-time = "2026-04-10T00:41:28.035Z" }
+wheels = [
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/03/15/e56f351cf6ef1cfea58e6ac226a7318ed1deb2218c4b3cc9bd9e4b786c5a/google_api_core-2.30.3-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:a85761ba72c444dad5d611c2220633480b2b6be2521eca69cca2dbb3ffd6bfe8", size = 173274, upload-time = "2026-04-09T22:57:16.198Z" },
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "google-api-python-client"
+version = "2.194.0"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+dependencies = [
+    { name = "google-api-core" },
+    { name = "google-auth" },
+    { name = "google-auth-httplib2" },
+    { name = "httplib2" },
+    { name = "uritemplate" },
+]
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/60/ab/e83af0eb043e4ccc49571ca7a6a49984e9d00f4e9e6e6f1238d60bc84dce/google_api_python_client-2.194.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:db92647bd1a90f40b79c9618461553c2b20b6a43ce7395fa6de07132dc14f023", size = 14443469, upload-time = "2026-04-08T23:07:35.757Z" }
+wheels = [
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/b0/34/5a624e49f179aa5b0cb87b2ce8093960299030ff40423bfbde09360eb908/google_api_python_client-2.194.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:61eaaac3b8fc8fdf11c08af87abc3d1342d1b37319cc1b57405f86ef7697e717", size = 15016514, upload-time = "2026-04-08T23:07:33.093Z" },
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "google-auth"
+version = "2.49.2"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+dependencies = [
+    { name = "cryptography" },
+    { name = "pyasn1-modules" },
+]
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     { name = "edge-tts" },
     { name = "exa-py" },
     { name = "fal-client" },
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     { name = "hermes-agent", extras = ["feishu"], marker = "extra == 'all'" },
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